Do you Understand all the Rules of Rugby?FOR those unfamiliar with the rules of the sport, World Rugby's 'laws of the game' is available to download in full online, but at 212 pages long we thought we'd save you the bother of overloading on information.
rugby laws of the game pdf download
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As with all sports, repeated infringements wear thin on officials in rugby. Time-wasting, intentionally throwing or knocking the ball out of play and deliberately breaking the rules are all deemed 'unfair play', but doing so repeatedly is considered cynical and disruptive. If a player or indeed a whole team commits several of the same infringements - conceding a penalty on each occasion by the way - they will be cautioned. If the infringements persist, a yellow card is shown to the offender, meaning they must sit out 10 minutes of the game in the 'sin-bin' before returning. If their offending continues when they return, a red card is shown.
The current study further identified a need for coaches and trainers to equip themselves with information pertaining to safe and effective techniques. The coaches and trainers should emphasize the importance of safe and effective techniques during training and matches and one of the few possible modes to reduce injuries, especially non-fatal catastrophic injuries toward the head, neck, brain, and spine (Posthumus and Viljoen, 2008; Brukner and Khan, 2012). The ruck is a dynamic situation, and therefore, coaches should not coach the ruck clean out in isolation because this limits the decision-making ability of the players. Ruck drills should include the initial tackle, fight for dominance by the ball carrier, placement of the ball, and clearing techniques in the same drill because this will assist players with adjustment and decision-making based on the situation. For example, after demonstrating the techniques to carry the ball effective into contact, the ball carrier should also be expected to fall sideward (away from the defending team cleaners), and present the ball (Hendricks et al., 2018), which is followed by the arriving player(s) who clean out the ruck based on the situation. These safe and effective techniques should be incorporated and emphasized during training in order to prepare players for matches. Coaches should also invite referees to training to officiate contact training sessions/drills according to the laws of the game, which will provide clarity to both players and coaches with input from the referees.
Football is one of a family of football codes, which emerged from various ball games played worldwide since antiquity. Within the English-speaking world, association football is now usually called "football" in Great Britain and most of Ulster in the north of Ireland, whereas people usually call it "soccer" in regions and countries where other codes of football are prevalent, such as Australia,[9] Canada, South Africa, most of Ireland (excluding Ulster),[10] and the United States; in Japan, the game is also primarily called sakkā (サッカー), derived from "soccer". A notable exception is New Zealand, where in the first two decades of the 21st century, under the influence of international television, "football" has been gaining prevalence, despite the dominance of other codes of football, namely rugby union and rugby league.[11]
These ongoing efforts contributed to the formation of The Football Association (The FA) in 1863, which first met on the morning of 26 October 1863 at the Freemasons' Tavern in Great Queen Street, London.[35] The only school to be represented on this occasion was Charterhouse. The Freemasons' Tavern was the setting for five more meetings of The FA between October and December 1863; the English FA eventually issued the first comprehensive set of rules named Laws of the Game, forming modern football. At the final meeting, the first FA treasurer, the representative from Blackheath F.C., withdrew his club from the FA over the removal of two draft rules at the previous meeting: the first allowed for running with the ball in hand; the second for obstructing such a run by hacking (kicking an opponent in the shins), tripping and holding. Other English rugby clubs followed this lead and did not join the FA, and instead in 1871 formed the Rugby Football Union. The eleven remaining clubs, under the charge of Ebenezer Cobb Morley, went on to ratify the original thirteen laws of the game.[35] These rules included handling of the ball by "marks" and the lack of a crossbar, rules which made it remarkably similar to Victorian rules football being developed at that time in Australia. The Sheffield FA played by its own rules until the 1870s, with the FA absorbing some of its rules until there was little difference between the games.[36]
Despite being more popular than some men's football events (one match saw a 53,000 strong crowd),[61] women's football in England suffered a blow in 1921 when The Football Association outlawed the playing of the game on association members' pitches, on the grounds that the game (as played by women) was distasteful.[62] Some speculated that this may have also been due to envy of the large crowds that women's matches attracted.[63] This led to the formation of the English Ladies Football Association and play moved to rugby grounds.[64]
There are 17 laws in the official Laws of the Game, each containing a collection of stipulations and guidelines. The same laws are designed to apply to all levels of football for both sexes, although certain modifications for groups such as juniors, seniors and people with physical disabilities are permitted. The laws are often framed in broad terms, which allow flexibility in their application depending on the nature of the game. The Laws of the Game are published by FIFA, but are maintained by the IFAB.[80] In addition to the seventeen laws, numerous IFAB decisions and other directives contribute to the regulation of association football.[81][82] Within the United States, Major League Soccer used a distinct ruleset during the 1990s[83] and the National Federation of State High School Associations and National Collegiate Athletic Association still use rulesets that are comparable to, but different from, the IFAB Laws.
At this point, one might wonder why peripheral rules are constitutive for a game if they could be, and in fact usually are, frequently violated. Are they not just an insignificant addition to the central rules? I believe the answer must be negative. Although many rules of team sports (football, basketball, ice hockey, rugby, whatever) are open to violation, they are still constitutive for that game because these rules, together with the central ones, determine the identity of the game. Suppose that there were no rules in the football rulebook to forbid holding on to members of the opposite team or knocking them to the ground. Would that kind of game still be football? It seems not: it would instead be something new and different, perhaps a kind of hybrid of football and rugby. Hence, central rules alone cannot create such complicated practices as football games. Peripheral rules are necessary in order to determine the identity of the practice. Their peripheral role consists of the fact that they could be violated without risk of termination of the practice.
So there are two types of constitutive rules - central and peripheral. These types of rules could form different types of systems that constitute a practice. The system of rules that is constitutive for such complex team games as basketball or football consists of many rules. The majority of them are peripheral rules; central rules appear to be in minority. But there could be other types of systems of constitutive rules, and therefore other types of games. The obvious example is chess. As already noted, chess is unforgiving when it comes to the violation of its rules, which means that the system of rules constitutive for chess is different from the system of rules constitutive of, for instance, basketball. It appears that there are exclusively (or almost exclusively) central constitutive rules for chess. The system of rules for chess is evidently more homogeneous than the system of rules for basketball or rugby. 2ff7e9595c
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